2,8-dihydroxyadenine (DHA) urolithiasis is a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the APRT gene. A defective APRT enzyme can result in the formation of 2,8-dihydroxyadenine (DHA) urinary stones which can lead to urinary tract obstruction.

Acral Mutilation Syndrome (AMS) causes insensitivity to pain, leading to a tendency to lick or bite paws excessively. This often results in loss of toenails, fractures, and toe amputation.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a rare, life-threatening disorder that causes a rapid severe respiratory failure that is unresponsive to treatment.

Alaskan Husky Encephalopathy (AHE) is a severe, early-onset disorder of the nervous system that causes wide-ranging clinical signs, including seizures, behavioral changes, and incoordination.

Alexander disease is a rare, fatal neurological disease, causing progressive weakness in all limbs.

Amelogenesis Imperfecta (AI) is a disorder that affects the hard enamel coating of the teeth. Dogs with this condition suffer from enamel thinning and roughening and discoloration of the teeth.

Amelogenesis Imperfecta (AI), also known as enamel hypoplasia, is a disorder where the hard enamel covering of the teeth is thin, roughened, and discolored. Please note, the genetic variant tested by Wisdom is currently under research for association of AI in the Lancashire Heeler with a scientific manuscript in preparation.

Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI), also known as enamel hypoplasia, is a disorder where the hard enamel covering of the teeth is thin, roughened and discolored.

Bandera's Neonatal Ataxia (BNA), discovered in the Coton de Tulear, is a severe brain problem that affects a puppy's ability to move its body properly.

Benign Familial Juvenile Epilepsy (BFJE) is a neurological disorder causing epileptic seizures.

Bernard-Soulier Syndrome (BSS) is a bleeding disorder in which platelets cannot bind together normally, leading to delayed blood clotting. The condition is characterized by larger than normal platelets and variably low platelet numbers, known as macrothrombocytopenia. The associated genetic variant has been identified in the Cocker Spaniel.

Canine Congenital Stationary Night Blindness (CSNB) is an inherited, non-progressive eye disorder that is present at birth and limits the ability to see in dim light or darkness. The associated genetic variant has been identified in the Beagle.

Canine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (CLAD) is a disease causing fever, mucosal hemorrhaging, marked dental disease, poor wound healing, and lameness.

Canine Multifocal Retinopathy 1 (CMR1) is an eye disorder that can cause retinal decay which may impact vision, but very rarely results in blindness.

Canine Multifocal Retinopathy 2 (CMR2) is an eye disorder that can cause retinal decay which may impact vision, but very rarely results in blindness.

Canine Multifocal Retinopathy 3 (CMR3) is an eye disorder that can cause retinal decay which may impact vision, but very rarely results in blindness.

Canine Multiple Systems Degeneration (CMSD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that has an early onset and progressively affects walking and motor skills. The associated genetic variant has been identified in the Chinese Crested Dog.

Canine Scott Syndrome (CSS) is a bleeding disorder caused by a hereditary defect affecting blood platelets, which are important in the blood clotting process. This means that clots form more slowly at a site of bleeding.

Cardiomyopathy and Juvenile Mortality is an inherited condition associated with the death of young puppies following nonspecific signs of illness. The associated genetic variant has been identified in the Belgian Shepherd.

Centronuclear Myopathy (CNM) is a type of muscle disease causing weakness and muscle wasting.

Centronuclear Myopathy (CNM) is a type of muscle disease causing weakness and muscle wasting.

Cerebellar Ataxias (CAs) are a group of disorders in which there is a degeneration in the movement center of the brain, known as the cerebellum. The degeneration leads to a lack of coordination in movements.

Cerebellar cortical degeneration (CDD) is a disease causing incoordination and impaired balance.

Cerebellar Hypoplasia (CH) causes difficulty controlling bodily movements (ataxia). The severity of the ataxia can vary between affected dogs and does not worsen with age.

Cerebral Dysfunction is a brain disorder that causes affected puppies to show severe mental depression, odd behaviors, and limb weakness.

Chondrodysplasia is a skeletal disorder that leads to the development of shorter than normal legs.

Chondrodystrophy (CDDY) is a skeletal disorder characterized by shortened limbs and abnormal early degeneration of the spinal discs, or intervertebral disc disease (IVDD), which predisposes to disc herniation.

Cleft Lip & Palate with Syndactyly (CLPS) is a disorder that causes an abnormal hole in the roof of the mouth (cleft palate), a hole between the lip and the nose (cleft lip), and joined toes.

Cleft Palate (CP) a disorder that causes an abnormal hole in the roof (palate) of the mouth. Puppies with this condition can also have a smaller than normal lower jaw bone.

CNS Atrophy with Cerebellar Ataxia (CACA) is a neurological condition characterized by uncoordinated movements and intention tremors beginning at two weeks of age. The associated genetic variant has been identified in the Belgian Shepherd.

Coat Color Dilution and Neurological Defects is a syndrome in which affected puppies demonstrate lighter coat colors and neurologic abnormalities, such as difficulty lifting their head and trouble maintaining upright posture. The associated genetic variant has been identified in the Miniature Dachshund.

Complement 3 Deficiency (C3D) is a disease that causes severe immunodeficiency, leaving affected dogs vulnerable to infections.

Cone Degeneration (CD), also called "day-blindness" is an inherited eye disorder causing light-sensitivity (photophobia) and an inability to see in bright light.

Cone Degeneration (CD), also called "day-blindness" is an inherited eye disorder causing light-sensitivity (photophobia) and an inability to see in bright light.

Cone Degeneration (CD), also called "day-blindness" is an inherited eye disorder causing light-sensitivity (photophobia) and an inability to see in bright light.

Cone-Rod Dystrophy (CRD) is an eye disorder resulting in degeneration of the retina at the back of the eye at a young age, causing progressive vision loss.

Cone-Rod Dystrophy (CRD1) is an eye disorder resulting in degeneration of the retina at the back of the eye at a young age, causing progressive vision loss.

Cone-Rod Dystrophy (CRD2) is an eye disorder resulting in degeneration of the retina at the back of the eye at a young age, causing progressive vision loss.

Congenital Cornification is a rare X-linked dominant skin disorder. Affected females with one copy of the variant have shown striped, symmetrical thickening of the skin and paw pads, lameness associated with paw pad lesions, and stunted growth. The variant is thought to be lethal in affected males and, possibly, females with two copies. The associated genetic variant has been identified in the Labrador Retriever.

Congenital Dyshormonogenic Hypothyroidism (CDH) is a rare condition causing a defect in iodide transport and a subsequent reduction in the synthesis of thyroid hormones, resulting in hypothyroidism and goiter.

Congenital Eye Malformations is a rare disorder that can cause a variety of abnormalities affecting one or both eyes and may impair vision. The associated genetic variant has been identified in the Golden Retriever.

Congenital Hypothyroidism is a disease of insufficient thyroid hormone production. As this hormone is important in many aspects of the metabolism and development, the result is a wide variety of signs including slow growth, dwarfism, and mental impairment.

Congenital Hypothyroidism is a disease of insufficient thyroid hormone production. As this hormone is important in many aspects of the metabolism and development, the result is a wide variety of signs including slow growth, dwarfism, and mental impairment.

Congenital Muscular Dystrophy (CMD) is a progressive muscular disorder characterized by muscle wasting, formation of excess connective tissue in the muscles, and possibly abnormal nerve conduction. The associated genetic variant has been identified in the Italian Greyhound.

Congenital Muscular Dystrophy (CMD) is a progressive muscular disorder characterized by muscle wasting, formation of excess connective tissue in the muscles, and possibly abnormal nerve conduction. The associated genetic variant has been identified in the Staffordshire Bull Terrier.

Congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMSs) are a group of inherited neuromuscular disorders. The CMS in Golden Retrievers is characterized by generalized muscle weakness and abnormal gait. The causative gene for CMS in Golden Retrievers is COLQ.

Congenital Myasthenic Syndrome (CMS) is a neuromuscular disorder causing progressive muscle weakness that is associated with activity. The associated genetic variant has been identified in the Heideterrier.

Congenital Myasthenic Syndrome (CMS) is a neuromuscular disorder. Affected dogs suffer from exercise intolerance and collapse after 5-30 minutes of exercise.

Congenital Myasthenic Syndrome (CMS) is a neuromuscular disorder. Affected dogs suffer from exercise intolerance and collapse after 5-30 minutes of exercise.

Congenital Myasthenic Syndrome (CMS) is a neuromuscular disorder. Affected dogs suffer from exercise intolerance and collapse after 5-30 minutes of exercise.

Congenital Stationary Night Blindness (CSNB) is an eye (retinal) disorder that causes non-progressive or very slowly progressing loss of night vision.

Craniomandibular Osteopathy (CMO), also known as "lion's jaw", is a disorder of the skull where the jaw bones show swelling and thickening, causing pain, drooling, and difficulties in eating.

Craniomandibular Osteopathy (CMO), also known as "lion's jaw," is a disorder of bone growth, with bones of the skull most consistently affected. During the growth period, the jaw bones become swollen and thickened, causing pain, drooling, and difficulty eating. The associated genetic variant has been identified in the Australian Terrier.

Craniomandibular Osteopathy (CMO), also known as "lion's jaw," is a disorder of bone growth, with bones of the skull most consistently affected. During the growth period, the jaw bones become swollen and thickened, causing pain, drooling, and difficulty eating. The associated genetic variant has been identified in the Basset Hound.

Craniomandibular Osteopathy (CMO), also known as "lion's jaw," is a disorder of bone growth, with bones of the skull most consistently affected. During the growth period, the jaw bones become swollen and thickened, causing pain, drooling, and difficulty eating. The associated genetic variant has been identified in the Weimaraner.

Cystic renal dysplasia and hepatic fibrosis is a disorder causing renal (kidney failure) and liver scarring (fibrosis)

Dogs with Cystinuria are not able to reabsorb the amino acid cystine in their kidneys and therefore high concentrations can accumulate in the urinary tract resulting in formation of cystine crystals and stones that can cause obstruction.

Dogs with Cystinuria are not able to reabsorb the amino acid cystine in their kidneys and therefore high concentrations can accumulate in the urinary tract resulting in formation of cystine crystals and stones that can cause obstruction.

Darier Disease is a skin disorder characterized by cysts forming in the skin or ear canals that can be covered by ulcerative lesions. The associated genetic variant has been identified in the Irish Terrier.

Dogs with this condition show deafness in one or both ears. Other signs include head tilt, circling, lack of coordination, and uncontrolled eye movements.

Deafness and Vestibular Dysfunction (DINGS2) is a disorder that causes hearing loss in both ears and neurologic abnormalities, such as poor balance. The associated genetic variant in the MYO7A gene has been identified in the Doberman Pinscher.

Degenerative Myelopathy (DM) is a neurological disorder, usually affecting dogs in their senior years. Loss of hind limb coordination is an early sign of disease, and as the condition progresses the hind limbs of affected dogs become increasingly weak.

Demyelinating Neuropathy is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, causing noisy breathing, regurgitation and mild exercise intolerance.

Dental Hypomineralization is a disease that causes abnormal mineralization of the teeth, resulting in a brownish discoloration and abnormal wear of the teeth.

Dental-Skeletal-Retinal Anomaly (DSRA) is a disorder associated with dental irregularities, skeletal abnormalities, and progressive vision loss. The associated genetic variant has been identified in the Cane Corso.

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a cardiac disorder causing heart failure.

Disproportionate Dwarfism is a disorder that affects bone and cartilage development, leading to changes in limb length and conformation, body length and height, and head shape. The associated genetic variant has been identified in the Dogo Argentino.

Dominant Progressive Retinal Atrophy (DPRA) is an eye disease resulting in vision loss and eventual blindness.

Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa (DEB) is a skin disorder that causes skin fragility and blistering, as well as irritations in the oral cavity and esophagus. The associated genetic variant has been identified in the Basset Hound.

Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa is a skin disorder that causes blistering of the skin and irritations in the oral cavity and upper digestive tract. These disease signs may diminish around 8 months of age.

Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa is a skin disorder that causes blistering of the skin and irritations in the oral cavity and upper digestive tract. These disease signs may diminish around 8 months of age.

Early-Onset Adult Deafness (EOAD) is a disorder that causes early hearing loss, with the associated genetic variant identified in the Rhodesian Ridgeback. Dogs with this condition show deafness in both ears within the first 1 to 2 years of life.

Early-Onset Progressive Polyneuropathy is characterized by the dysfunction and breakdown of multiple nerve types, which causes generalized weakness, and related clinical signs.

Early-Onset Progressive Polyneuropathy is characterized by the dysfunction and breakdown of multiple nerve types, which causes generalized weakness, and related clinical signs.

Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) is a disorder where the light sensing retina at the back of the eye degenerates resulting in vision loss.

Early-Onset Progressive Retinal Atrophy (EOPRA) is an eye disorder where the light sensing retina at the back of the eye deteriorates, causing impaired vision. The associated genetic variant has been identified in the Spanish Water Dog, and affected dogs are typically diagnosed with progressive vision loss before 4 years of age.

Early retinal degeneration (ERD) is an eye disorder characterized by abnormal development followed by degeneration of photoreceptors in the eye. The disorder causes early onset blindness in Norwegian Elkhounds.

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS) is an inherited connective tissue disorder characterized by skin that is easily stretched, fragile, and easy to bruise, as well as increased flexibility of joints. The associated genetic variant has been identified in mixed breed dogs.

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS) is an inherited connective tissue disorder characterized by skin that is easily stretched, fragile, and easy to bruise, as well as increased flexibility of joints. The associated genetic variant has been identified in the Labrador Retriever.

Epidermolytic Hyperkeratosis is a skin disorder that causes the skin to be fragile and easily damaged from birth followed by thickening of the skin in adulthood.

Episodic Falling Syndrome (EFS) is a condition causing the temporary inability to relax muscles resulting in collapse episodes which are usually a few seconds to several minutes long.

Exercise-Induced Collapse (EIC) is a neuromuscular disorder which can cause incoordination and weakness, resulting in collapse, after periods of strenuous exercise.

Factor VII Deficiency is an inherited blood clotting disorder that results in excessive bleeding occurring after a severe trauma or surgery. The signs of the disease are typically mild but can vary in severity in different affected dogs.

Factor XI Deficiency is a hereditary disorder that impacts blood clotting. The disease usually causes a mild, spontaneous bleeding disorder but more severe bleeding may occur following surgery. Many dogs that are at risk will not show any signs of disease.

Familial Nephropathy (FN) is an inherited kidney disorder that results in excessive amounts of protein in the urine, leading to kidney failure in young dogs. The associated genetic variant has been identified in the English Cocker Spaniel.

Familial Nephropathy (FN) is an inherited kidney disorder that results in excessive amounts of protein in the urine, leading to kidney failure in young dogs. The associated genetic variant has been identified in the English Springer Spaniel.

Fanconi Syndrome is a disorder of kidney function. For dogs affected with the syndrome the kidney's ability to reabsorb essential metabolites such as glucose, electrolytes, amino acids, and proteins in the urine, is impaired causing a wide variety of signs including frequent drinking and urinating, weight loss, and poor coat condition.

Fetal Onset Neuroaxonal Dystrophy (FNAD) is a disorder that disturbs the development of motor (movement) nerves in the central nervous system. Signs include abnormal curvature of the spine and contracted joints. Affected puppies to have no voluntary movement of limbs. Respiratory deficiencies (difficulties breathing) cause affected puppies to die at birth.

Focal Non-Epidermolytic Palmoplantar Keratoderma (FNEPPK) is an inherited skin disorder that causes a type of hereditary footpad hyperkeratosis (HFH). Signs include hard, thickened, and cracked footpads.

Generalized progressive retinal atrophy (GPRA) is an eye disorder where the light sensing retina at the back of the eye degenerates, causing progressive vision loss and eventual blindness.

Glanzmann Thrombasthenia (GT) Type I is a blood disorder characterized by poor blood platelet aggregation. Platelet in the blood are needed to help start clot formation, so as a result of this disorder bleeding may be prolonged.

Glanzmann thrombasthenia (GT) causes susceptibility to bleeding due to poor blood platelet aggregation.

Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy (GLD) is a disorder which results in degeneration of the nervous system. GLD is characterized by muscle weakness, tremors, and ataxia (uncoordinated movement). Signs of the disease also include behavioral changes, incoherence, blindness, and deficits in normal reflexes.

Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy (GLD) is a disorder which results in degeneration of the nervous system. GLD is characterized by muscle weakness, tremors, and ataxia (uncoordinated movement). Signs of the disease also include behavioral changes, incoherence, blindness, and deficits in normal reflexes.

Glycogen Storage Disease Type Ia (GSD Ia) is a severe metabolic disorder causing critically low blood sugar levels and liver enlargement. The associated genetic variant has been identified in the German Pinscher.

Glycogen Storage Disease (GSD) Type Ia is a severe metabolic disorder causing critically low blood sugar levels.

Glycogen storage disease (GSD) type IIIa is a disorder that affects the metabolism of glycogen.

GM1 gangliosidosis is a disorder of progressive nervous system degeneration, resulting in vision impairment, head tremor, involuntary eye movements, limb weakness with difficulties in balancing and fatigue.

GM1 gangliosidosis is a disorder of progressive nervous system degeneration, resulting in vision impairment, head tremor, involuntary eye movements, limb weakness with difficulties in balancing and fatigue.

GM2 Gangliosidosis, is a disorder of progressive nervous system degeneration, with signs including incoordination of movements and tremors.

GM2 Gangliosidosis, is a disorder of progressive nervous system degeneration, with signs including incoordination of movements and tremors.

Hemophilia A, also known as Factor VIII Deficiency, is a blood clotting disorder, which can cause bruising or abdominal bleeding without apparent reason. The disease is more commonly seen in male dogs.

Hemophilia A, also known as Factor VIII Deficiency, is a blood clotting disorder, which can cause bruising or abdominal bleeding without apparent reason. The disease is more commonly seen in male dogs.

Hemophilia A, also known as Factor VIII Deficiency, is a blood clotting disorder, which can cause bruising or abdominal bleeding without apparent reason. The disease is more commonly seen in male dogs.

Hemophilia A, also known as Factor VIII Deficiency, is a blood clotting disorder, which can cause bruising or abdominal bleeding without apparent reason. The disease is more commonly seen in male dogs.

Hemophilia A, also known as Factor VIII Deficiency, is a blood clotting disorder, which can cause bruising or abdominal bleeding without apparent reason. The disease is more commonly seen in male dogs.

Hemophilia A, also known as Factor VIII Deficiency, is a blood clotting disorder that can cause bruising or abdominal bleeding without apparent reason. The associated genetic variant has been identified in the Labrador Retriever. However, please note that this variant does not explain all occurrences of Hemophilia A in the breed, indicating additional genetic causes remain to be discovered.

Hemophilia B, also known as Factor IX Deficiency, is a blood clotting disorder most commonly seen in male dogs, which can result in prolonged bleeding after an injury or a surgical procedure.

Hemophilia B, also known as Factor IX Deficiency, is a blood clotting disorder most commonly seen in male dogs, which can result in prolonged bleeding after an injury or a surgical procedure.

Hemophilia B, also known as Factor IX Deficiency, is a blood clotting disorder most commonly seen in male dogs, which can result in prolonged bleeding after an injury or a surgical procedure.

Hereditary Ataxia is a neurologic disorder characterized by uncoordinated movements and partial paralysis of the hindlimbs. Signs usually first develop during puppyhood and are progressive. The associated genetic variant has been identified in the Belgian Malinois.

Hereditary ataxia is a disorder of the nervous system leading to uncoordinated movement and head tremors.

Hereditary Calcium Oxalate Urolithiasis, Type 1 (CaOx1) is a genetic disorder that greatly increases the risk for urinary stones composed of calcium oxalate to form within the kidneys or bladder.

Hereditary Elliptocytosis is a disease where the red blood cells are abnormally oval shape, rather than the characteristic biconcave or dumbbell shape that is normally seen.

Hereditary Footpad Hyperkeratosis (HFH) is a skin disorder, with disease signs including hard, thickened, and cracked footpads and an abnormal coat.

Hereditary nasal parakeratosis (HNPK) is a disorder causing crusting and dryness of the nose, leading to soreness and irritation.

Hereditary nasal parakeratosis (HNPK) is a disorder causing crusting and dryness of the nose, leading to soreness and irritation.

Hereditary Vitamin D-Resistant Rickets (HVDRR) is a bone defect where vitamin D cannot be delivered to the bones effectively. This prevents normal bone mineralization, leading to softening and bending of the bones and skeletal problems.

Hyperuricosuria (HUU) is a condition that predisposes affected dogs to the formation of urinary stones, such as kidney or bladder stones.

Hypocatalasia is the deficiency of an enzyme called catalase in red blood cells. The catalase enzyme plays an important role in the cells defense against a type of chemical damage, known as oxidative damage. The disorder is characterized by ulcers and progressive gangrene (tissue death) of the mouth.

Hypomyelination is a neurological disorder causing muscle tremors and movement difficulties.

This early onset condition originally discovered in Karelian Bear Dogs is a metabolic bone disease that disturbs skeletal mineralization.

Ichthyosis is a skin condition causing generalized scaling of the skin and abdominal redness.

Ichthyoses is a disease of skin cornification. This particular mutation causes severe thickening, drying and scaling of the skin, which can lead to secondary infections.

Ichthyosis Type 2 (ICH2) is a skin condition characterized by chronic scaling of the skin. The associated genetic variant has been identified in the Golden Retriever.

Inflammatory Myopathy is an inflammatory muscle disorder characterized by progressive weakness and muscle wasting. The associated genetic variant has been identified in the Dutch Shepherd Dog.

Inflammatory Pulmonary Disease (IPD) is characterized by recurrent airway inflammation, such as pneumonia. The associated genetic variant has been identified in the Rough Collie.

Intestinal Cobalamin Malabsorption (ICM) or Imerslund-Gräsbeck Syndrome is a metabolic disorder resulting from a failure to absorb vitamin B12 in the small intestine of the gut causing retarded growth, a low count of the oxygen carrying red blood cells (anemia), and a low count of white blood cells (immune system cells).

Intestinal Cobalamin Malabsorption (ICM) or Imerslund-Gräsbeck Syndrome is a metabolic disorder resulting from a failure to absorb vitamin B12 in the small intestine of the gut causing retarded growth, a low count of the oxygen carrying red blood cells (anemia), and a low count of white blood cells (immune system cells).

Intestinal Cobalamin Malabsorption (ICM) or Imerslund-Gräsbeck Syndrome is a disorder where the body is unable to absorb cobalamin (vitamin B12) in the small intestine. This results in weakness and failure to thrive, vomiting, diarrhea, anemia, and decreased numbers of white blood cells (immune system cells).

Intestinal Lipid Malabsorption (ILM) is a disorder characterized by poor intestinal absorption and metabolism of dietary nutrients leading to stunted growth, an oddly textured hair coat, and abnormally fatty feces in affected dogs. The associated genetic variant has been identified in the Australian Kelpie.

Junctional Epidermolysis Bullosa (JEB) is a severe skin disorder that causes skin fragility and blistering, as well as potentially significant irritations in the oral cavity. The associated genetic variant has been identified in Australian Cattle Dog mixes.

Junctional Epidermolysis Bullosa (JEB) is a skin disorder that causes skin fragility and blistering, as well as irritations in the oral cavity and upper digestive tract. The associated genetic variant has been identified in the Australian Shepherd.

Juvenile Cataracts is an inherited condition in which the lens of the eye progressively becomes cloudy, leading to a decline in vision. In the Wirehaired Pointing Griffon, this condition can be seen in puppies as young as 8 weeks old.

Juvenile Dilated Cardiomyopathy (JDCM) is a heart condition that results in the sudden death of puppies and young dogs. The associated genetic variant has been identified in the Toy Manchester Terrier.

Juvenile encephalopathy is a brain disorder causing epileptic seizures and progressive brain damage.

Juvenile laryngeal paralysis and polyneuropathy (JLPP) causes difficulty breathing and swallowing due to voice box (larynx) paralysis.

Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy is a specific form of epilepsy first described in Rhodesian Ridgebacks, causing muscle jerks and twitches, that can progress to generalized seizures.

L-2-Hydroxyglutaric Aciduria (L2HGA) is a metabolic disease caused by a fault in the enzyme that breaks down a chemical in the body known as L-2-hydroxyglutaric acid, which increases to toxic levels. This causes damage to the nervous system and results in incoordination, muscle stiffness during exercise or times of excitement, and altered behavior or epileptic seizures.

L-2-Hydroxyglutaric Aciduria (L2HGA) is a metabolic disease that causes damage to the nervous system and results in incoordination, muscle stiffness during exercise or times of excitement, and altered behavior or epileptic seizures.

Lagotto Storage Disease (LSD) is a neurological disorder resulting in a progressive incoordination, poor balance and behavior changes.

Lamellar Ichthyosis is a skin disorder causing severe thickening and scaling of the skin, leading to secondary bacterial and yeast skin infections.

Laryngeal Paralysis is a condition that results from impaired nerve function supplied to tissues protecting the opening of the windpipe, leading to breathing difficulties and potential airway obstruction. The associated genetic variant is a risk factor that has been identified in the Bull Terrier and Miniature Bull Terrier.

Leigh-like Subacute Necrotizing Encephalopathy (Leigh-like SNE) is a severe neurologic disorder that causes an early onset of wide-ranging signs, including seizures, incoordination, behavior changes, and vision deficits. The associated genetic variant has been identified in the Yorkshire Terrier.

Lethal acrodermatitis (LAD) is a disease characterized by poor growth, immune system deficiency, skin problems and infections.

Leukodystrophy is a rare inherited disorder affecting the white matter of the brain, causing severe and progressive neurologic signs shortly after birth. The associated genetic variant has been identified in the Standard Schnauzer.

Ligneous Membranitis is a rare inflammatory disease of the mucous membranes. The disease causes conjunctivitis, mouth ulcers and swollen gums. Other clinical signs include nasal discharge, loud breathing and enlarged lymph nodes.

Limb-girdle Muscular Dystrophy (LGMD) is a disorder that is characterized by progressive muscle wasting, particularly over the shoulders and hips, and changes in walking patterns. The associated genetic variant has been identified in the Boston Terrier

Limb-girdle Muscular Dystrophy, Type L3 (LGMDR3) is a disorder that is characterized by progressive muscle wasting, particularly over the shoulders and hips, and changes in walking patterns. The associated genetic variant has been identified in the Miniature Dachshund

Lung developmental disease in Airedale Terriers is characterized by lethal hypoxic respiratory distress and failure that occur within the first days or weeks of life in affected puppies.

Macrothrombocytopenia is a blood disorder characterized by oversized blood platelets, which play an important role in blood clotting when a blood vessel is injured.

May-Hegglin Anomaly (MHA) is a blood disorder that causes deficiency and abnormal shaping of the blood platelets which are important in the clotting process.

The MDR1 gene mutation causes a defect to a drug pumping protein that plays an important role in limiting drug absorption and distribution (particularly to the brain). Dogs with the MDR1 mutation may have severe adverse reactions to some commonly used medications.

Microphthalmia is an eye disorder present from birth where affected puppies to have abnormally small and underdeveloped eyes.

Mucopolysaccharidosis Type IIIA (MSP IIIA) is a disease of progressive incoordination, first in the pelvic legs and later progressing to all four legs. Leg movements become erratic when walking and affected dogs have difficulty balancing.

Mucopolysaccharidosis Type IIIA (MSP IIIA) is a disease of progressive incoordination, first in the hindlimbs and later progressing to all four legs. Leg movements become erratic when walking and affected dogs have difficulty balancing.

Mucopolysaccharidosis Type VII (MPS VII) is a disorder causing severe changes in skeletal structure, with joint hyperlaxity.

Mucopolysaccharidosis Type VII (MPS VII) is a disorder causing hind limb weakness (progressing to incoordination in all legs), growth retardation, facial and other skeletal abnormalities, and corneal clouding.

Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) VI is a severe metabolic disorder that can lead to stunted growth and progressive skeletal deformities. The associated genetic variant has been identified in the Miniature Pinscher.

Muscular Dystrophy is a severe disorder that causes muscle breakdown and weakness. DMD is characterized by a curve to the dog's back and a crouched posture. It typically affects males, although some females may also show some muscle weakness as well.

Muscular Dystrophy is a severe disorder that causes muscle degeneration and weakness due to the formation of excess connective tissue in the muscle.

Muscular Dystrophies are a group of progressive disorders leading to muscular dysfunction. This form leads to movement difficulties from a young age due to increasing muscle weakness.

This form of Muscular Dystrophy is a disease of progressive muscular weakness, respiratory problems, and cardiomyopathy (heart disease).

Muscular Dystrophy-Dystroglycanopathy (MDD) is a type of muscular disorder that causes a failure to thrive in puppies. It is characterized by eating difficulties, poor weight gain, stunted growth, and weakness. The associated genetic variant has been identified in the Labrador Retriever.

Muscular Hypertrophy (Double Muscling) is a condition where the muscles of the body become much larger and more pronounced than normal, due to a defect in a gene that helps to regulate muscle growth.

Musladin-Lueke Syndrome (MLS) is a disorder affecting the development and structure of connective tissue that is characterized by stiff joints, an abnormal facial expression, and thick, tight skin.

Myeloperoxidase Deficiency is a condition causing an increased susceptibility to fungal and bacterial infections. This is due to a defect of an important enzyme present in the white blood cells of the immune system.

Myotonia Congenita is a muscle disorder affecting dogs from birth. The condition causes affected dogs to have muscles that contract and cramp easily.

Myotonia congenita is a muscle disorder that affects dogs from birth, causing stiff movement and delayed relaxation of muscles after exercise.

Myotonia congenita is a muscle disorder that affects dogs from birth, causing stiff movement and delayed relaxation of muscles after exercise.

Myotubular Myopathy is a disorder that affects the muscle cells. This starts with an early-onset hind limb weakness, progressing to an inability to move.

Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder that causes sudden attacks of sleep due to the brain's inability to regulate REM sleep.

Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder that causes sudden attacks of sleep due to the brain's inability to regulate REM sleep.

Nemaline myopathy is a muscle disorder characterized by defects to muscle fibers causing weakness and tremors.

Neonatal Cerebellar Cortical Degeneration (NCCD) is a disease of uncoordinated movements and loss of balance that is present from birth.

Neonatal Encephalopathy with Seizures (NEWS) is a disorder that affects the development of the balance and movement center of the brain.

Neuroaxonal Dystrophy is a neurodegenerative disorder. Signs of this disease include movement abnormalities, abnormal vocalization, incontinence, and behavioral changes.

Neuroaxonal dystrophy (NAD) comprises a group of rare neurodegenerative disorders. NAD in the Papillon is characterized by an abnormal gait, blindness, tremors, and collapse.

Neuroaxonal dystrophy is a neurodegenerative disorder causing uncoordinated movement and gait (walking/running pattern) changes.

Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis 1 (NCL1) is a neurological disease, with typical signs of rapidly progressing vision impairment, ataxia (uncontrolled movements), and behavioral changes, such as anxiety, sound sensitivity, and inability to recognize familiar individuals.

Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis 12 (NCL12) is a late onset progressive disease causing uncoordinated movements and behavioral changes.

Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis 5 (NCL5) is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by uncoordinated movements, behavioral changes, vision loss, and epileptic seizures. The associated genetic variant has been identified in the Border Collie.

Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis 5 (NCL5) is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by uncoordinated movements, behavioral changes, vision loss, and epileptic seizures. The associated genetic variant has been identified in the Golden Retriever.

Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis 7 (NCL7) is a progressive disease affecting behavior, movement, and vision, with a risk of epileptic seizures in later stages.

Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis 8 (NCL8) is a progressive disease causing uncoordinated movements, behavioral changes, vision loss, and epileptic seizures.

Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis 8 (NCL8) is a progressive disease causing uncoordinated movements, behavioral changes, vision loss, and epileptic seizures.

Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis 8 (NCL8) is a progressive disease causing uncoordinated movements, behavioral changes, vision loss, and epileptic seizures.

Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis 8 (NCL8) is a progressive neurologic disease characterized by uncoordinated movements, behavioral changes, vision loss, and seizures.

A number of factors can affect appetite and risk of obesity. This particular test detects a mutation in the POMC gene, known to regulate appetite, that has been associated with increased appetite and obesity in dogs. The associated genetic variant has been identified in the Labrador Retriever and Flat-Coated Retriever. The clinical significance of this variant in dogs of other ancestry is not yet clear.

Osteochondrodysplasia is a disorder of bone and cartilage development resulting in stunted growth, misshapen limbs, and abnormal movement.

Osteochondromatosis is a condition causing benign bone tumors, called osteochondromas, to form during puppyhood.

Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) is a disease of fragile bones and loose joints.

Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) is a disease of fragile bones and loose joints.

This is a bleeding disorder due to a blood protein (P2RY12) defect and was first described in Greater Swiss Mountain Dogs.

Palmoplantar Hyperkeratosis is an inherited skin disorder characterized by hard, thickened, and cracked paw pads. Affected dogs also have an increased predisposition for skin allergies and recurrent skin and ear infections. The associated genetic variant has been identified in the Rottweiler.

Paroxysmal dyskinesia (PxD) is a neurological disorder causing episodes of abnormal tone or movement of limbs. Affected dogs seem normal between these episodes.

Persistent Müllerian Duct Syndrome (PMDS) is a disorder of sexual development affecting male dogs, where a uterus and other female sex organs develop in otherwise externally normal-appearing male dogs.

Phosphofructokinase Deficiency (PFK) is a disorder where an enzyme important in the production of energy from sugars is lacking, resulting in weakness, muscle cramps, discolored urine, anemia, and jaundice.

Pituitary Dwarfism is a hormone disorder characterized by stunted growth and coat abnormalities, such as a retained puppy coat or excessive coat thinning. The associated genetic variant has been identified in the Karelian Bear Dog.

Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) is a condition causing formation of cysts in the kidneys which leads to chronic kidney failure.

Prekallikrein Deficiency is a disorder which causes blood to take a longer time to clot.

Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD) is a disorder found to affect formation of the tiny hairs in the respiratory system called cilia, resulting in recurrent respiratory tract infections. As cilia throughout the various body systems are affected, it can also impact hearing and cause infertility in males.

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a disorder that causes a defect in the formation of cilia, tiny hair-like projections, found on cells in the respiratory system, reproductive system, ear and nervous system. Clinical signs of PCD are recurrent infections of the respiratory tract and fertility problems.

Primary Lens Luxation (PLL) is a condition that can cause the lens of the eye to become loose and eventually displace. The disorder is caused by degeneration of the fibers that hold the lens in place.

Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG) is a disease where the pressure in the eye increases, causing pain and leading to blindness if untreated. The same mutation can also cause lens luxation (LL), or displacement of the lens in the eye.

Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG) is a disorder that results in an increase in eye pressure, leading to damage to the optic nerve and retina, and blindness if left untreated.

Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG) is a disorder that results in an increase in eye pressure, leading to damage to the optic nerve and retina, and blindness if left untreated.

Progressive early-onset cerebellar ataxia is a disorder of the nervous system that causes ataxia (uncoordinated movements) and loss of balance.

Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) is a disorder where the light sensing retina at the back of the eye degenerates, resulting in vision loss.

Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) is an eye disorder where the light sensing retina at the back of the eye degenerates, causing progressive vision loss and eventual blindness.

Golden Retriever progressive retinal atrophy 1 (GR-PRA1) is an inherited eye disorder which causes degeneration of the light sensing retina at the back of the eye, resulting in progressive loss of vision.

Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) is an inherited disorder that results in degeneration of the light sensing retina at the back of the eye, leading to progressive vision loss and eventual blindness. Golden Retriever PRA, Type 2 (GR-PRA2) is a late onset form, with the average age of diagnosis being 6 years old. The associated genetic variant has been identified in the Golden Retriever.

Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) is an inherited disorder that results in degeneration of the light sensing retina at the back of the eye, leading to progressive vision loss and eventual blindness. The associated genetic variant has been identified in the Lapponian Herder.

Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) is a disorder where the light sensing retina at the back of the eye degenerates resulting in vision loss.

Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) is a disorder that causes the degeneration of the light sensing retina at the back of the eye, resulting in vision loss.

Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) is an eye disease resulting in gradual loss of vision. Dogs with this form of the disease can show additional features including a wavy, atypical coat texture, an upturned nose and dental defects.

Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) is a disorder that causes the degeneration of the light sensing retina at the back of the eye, resulting in vision loss and eventual blindness.

Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) causes the light sensitive photoreceptor cells in the eye to degenerate, leading to night blindness.

Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) is a disorder that causes the degeneration of the light sensing retina at the back of the eye, resulting in vision loss.

Protein Losing Nephropathy (PLN) is a disorder in which affected dogs lose protein through their kidneys, leading to kidney failure over time. This variant has been identified in Airedale Terriers and Soft Coated Wheaten Terriers.

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Phosphatase 1 (PDP1) Deficiency is a metabolic disorder characterized by exercise intolerance.

Pyruvate kinase deficiency (PKD) is a disorder that causes anemia due to the breakdown of red blood cells.

Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency (PKD) is a disorder that causes anemia due to the breakdown of red blood cells.

Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency (PKD) is a disorder that causes anemia due to the breakdown of red blood cells.

Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency (PKD) is a disorder that causes anemia due to the breakdown of red blood cells.

Long QT Syndrome (LQTS) is a rare cardiac disease that causes an irregular heart beat and has been associated with sudden death in the English Springer Spaniel.

Renal Cystadenocarcinoma and Nodular Dermatofibrosis (RCND) is a canine kidney cancer syndrome.

Rod-Cone Dysplasia 1 (rcd1) is an inherited eye disorder that results in blindness, and was identified in Irish Setters and Irish Red and White Setters.

Rod-Cone Dysplasia (rcd1a) is an eye disorder affecting the development of retinal photoreceptors at the back of the eye, resulting in vision loss.

Rod-Cone Dysplasia 3 (rcd3) is an eye disorder affecting the development of retinal photoreceptors at the back of the eye, resulting in vision loss.

Sensorineural Deafness is a disorder characterized by hearing loss in both ears by the time an affected dog is a few months of age. The associated genetic variant has been identified in the Rottweiler.

Sensory Ataxic Neuropathy (SAN) is a slowly progressive neurologic disorder causing uncoordinated movements and impaired balance. This variant is a risk factor causing an increased risk of disease for dogs with maternal Golden Retriever ancestry. The clinical significance of this variant in dogs lacking maternal Golden Retriever ancestry is not yet clear.

Sensory neuropathy is a rare, severe neurological disorder caused by the degeneration of nerve cells. Affected dogs lack pain sensation, resulting in injury and self harm.

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) is a dysfunction of the immune system, that leaves affected dogs prone to infection.

Autosomal Recessive Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (ARSCID) is a severe immunodeficiency disorder discovered in Jack Russell Terriers, that leaves affected dogs prone to infection.

Spongiform LeucoEncephaloMyelopathy (SLEM) is a disorder commonly known as shaking puppy syndrome. Affected pups show severe body tremors, which are generally first noted when the puppy begins to try to walk.

Skeletal Dysplasia 2 (SD2) is an abnormality of the skeleton that results in mild dwarfism.

Spinocerebellar Ataxia also known as Late Onset Ataxia (LOA) is a disease of the nervous system characterized by uncoordinated movements and impaired balance.

Spinocerebellar Ataxia with Myokymia and/or Seizures (SAMS) is a disease of the nervous system characterized by uncoordinated movements and impaired balance. This particular form may present with muscle twitching and seizures.

Spondylocostal Dysostosis is a developmental disease that leads to skeletal abnormalities often noted at birth.

Spongy Degeneration with Cerebellar Ataxia (SDCA) is an early onset disease of poor coordination, muscle twitching and seizures.

Spongy Degeneration with Cerebellar Ataxia (SDCA2) is an early onset disease of loss of coordination, seizures, circling, and blindness.

Stargardt Disease (STGD) is a form of late onset retinal degeneration, resulting in loss of the light detecting cells at the back of the eye and progressive vision loss.

Startle Disease, also known as hyperekplexia, is a rare muscle cramping disorder. Signs of the disease can be seen in very young puppies, and include muscle stiffness and tremors when handled.

Startle Disease, also known as inherited hyperekplexia, is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by sudden and exaggerated startle responses to unexpected sensory stimuli, such as touch or sound. The associated genetic variant has been identified in the Miniature American Shepherd.

Succinic Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase Deficiency (SSADHD) is a neurologic disorder characterized by seizures, uncoordinated movements, and abnormal behaviors, such as vocalization episodes. The associated genetic variant has been identified in the Saluki.

Thrombopathia is an inherited bleeding disorder characterized by recurrent nosebleeds, bleeding of the gums, and bruising easily. The associated genetic variant has been identified in the Basset Hound.

Thrombopathia is an inherited bleeding disorder characterized by recurrent nosebleeds, bleeding of the gums, and bruising easily. The associated genetic variant has been identified in the Eskimo Spitz.

Trapped Neutrophil Syndrome (TNS) is a disorder of the white blood cells first identified in Border Collies.

Van den Ende-Gupta Syndrome (VDEGS) is a condition that can cause severe skeletal abnormalities. The most common ones noted are severe patella luxation (dislocated kneecap) and severe underbite.

von Willebrand's Disease (vWD) type 1 is a clotting disorder that usually causes mild bleeding tendencies in affected dogs though some may have more severe signs. The low level of von Willebrand's factor impacts the bloods clotting ability.

von Willebrand's Disease (vWD) type 2 is a blood clotting disorder that causes moderate to severe bleeding tendencies due to low level and abnormal structure of von Willebrand's factor.

von Willebrand's Disease (vWD) Type 3 is a clotting disorder that causes severe bleeding tendencies in affected dogs.

von Willebrand's Disease (vWD) Type 3 is a clotting disorder that causes severe bleeding tendencies in affected dogs.

von Willebrand's Disease (vWD) Type 3 is a clotting disorder that causes severe bleeding tendencies in affected dogs.

Xanthinuria can cause formation of stones throughout the upper and lower urinary tracts, including the urethra, bladder, ureters, and kidneys. These stones can result in pain, bloody urine, infection and blockage of the urinary tract.

Xanthinuria can cause formation of stones throughout the upper and lower urinary tracts, including the urethra, bladder, ureters, and kidneys. These stones can result in pain, bloody urine, infection and blockage of the urinary tract.

Xanthinuria can cause formation of stones throughout the upper and lower urinary tracts, including the urethra, bladder, ureters, and kidneys. These stones can result in pain, bloody urine, infection and blockage of the urinary tract.

X-linked Ectodermal Dysplasia (XHED) is a disorder causing skin, dental, and immune system problems.

X-Linked Hereditary Nephropathy (XLHN) is a kidney disorder, leading to kidney failure.

X-Linked Hereditary Nephropathy (XLHN) is a kidney disorder, leading to kidney failure.

X-linked Myotubular Myopathy (XLMTM) is a condition of the muscles that results in trouble eating, breathing, and moving around.

X-Linked Progressive Retinal Atrophy 1 (XLPRA1) causes degeneration of the light detecting retina at the back of the eye, resulting in loss of vision.

X-Linked Progressive Retinal Atrophy 2 (XLPRA2) causes early-onset degeneration of the light detecting retina at the back of the eye, resulting in loss of vision.

X-linked Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (XSCID) is a severe dysfunction of the immune system, that leaves affected dogs prone to infection.

X-linked Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (XSCID) is a severe dysfunction of the immune system, that leaves affected dogs prone to infection.

X-Linked Tremors is a neurologic disorder where affected dogs lack the protective covering over the nerves of the central nervous system, resulting in tremors and often leading to premature death.

Albino

The Albino variant tested causes a complete inability to produce pigment (albinism). The variant is located in the SLC45A2 gene.

Back Muscle and Bulk

The Back Muscle and Bulk variant is associated with increased back muscle and fat. The variant is located in the ACSL4 gene.

Blue Eyes (Discovered in the Siberian Husky)

The Blue Eyes variant is associated with blue eyes and heterochromia, which is when the eyes are two different colors, and is located in the ALX4 gene.

Chocolate (basd)

Chocolate color discovered in the Australian Shepherd, also known as "basd," is a variant found in the TYRP1 gene, known as the B locus. This variant is associated with a dog’s darkest color pigment being limited to brown instead of black. Meaning all dark hair, nails and skin (including eye rims, nose and paw pads) will be a shade of brown or chocolate. It was previously reported as Chocolate (Variant 4).

Chocolate (bc)

This chocolate color variant, also known as “bc”, is associated with a dog’s darkest color pigment being limited to brown instead of black. Meaning all dark hair, nails and skin (including eye rims, nose and paw pads) will be a shade of brown or chocolate. This variant is found in the TYRP1 gene, known as the B locus. It was previously reported as Chocolate (Variant 1).

Chocolate (bd)

This chocolate color variant, also known as “bd”, is associated with a dog’s darkest color pigment being limited to brown instead of black. Meaning all dark hair, nails and skin (including eye rims, nose and paw pads) will be a shade of brown or chocolate. This variant is found in the TYRP1 gene, known as the B locus. It was previously reported as Chocolate (Variant 3).

Chocolate (be)

Chocolate color discovered in the Lancashire Heeler, also known as "be," is a variant found in the TYRP1 gene, known as the B locus. This variant is associated with a dog’s darkest color pigment being limited to brown instead of black. Meaning all dark hair, nails and skin (including eye rims, nose and paw pads) will be a shade of brown or chocolate. Eye color is also affected, and is typically gold or amber.

Chocolate (bh)

Chocolate color discovered in the Siberian Husky, also known as "bh," is a variant found in the TYRP1 gene, known as the B locus. This variant is associated with a dog’s darkest color pigment being limited to brown instead of black. Meaning all dark hair, nails and skin (including eye rims, nose and paw pads) will be a shade of brown or chocolate. Eye color is also affected, and is typically gold or amber.

Chocolate (bs)

This chocolate color variant, also known as “bs”, is associated with a dog’s darkest color pigment being limited to brown instead of black. Meaning all dark hair, nails and skin (including eye rims, nose and paw pads) will be a shade of brown or chocolate. This variant is found in the TYRP1 gene, known as the B locus. It was previously reported as Chocolate (Variant 2).

Cocoa (Discovered in the French Bulldog)

Cocoa, discovered in the French Bulldog, is a variant found in the HPS3 gene and is scientifically known as "co." Cocoa is associated with a dark brown coat coloration and dark amber eyes in French Bulldogs. Notably, all other known chocolate variants are found in the TYRP1 gene (B locus) and are associated with a lighter brown coat and amber eyes.

Curly Coat

The Curly Coat variant causes a curly coat type and is located in the KRT71 gene.

Dilution (d1) Linkage test

The Dilution variant “d1” causes a lightening or dilution of pigment, especially dark pigments (eumelanin). Dilute black pigment appears grey, and dilute chocolate pigment appears isabella (a creamy brown). Red or yellow pigment (phaeomelanin) may show mild lightening of color. The d1 variant is found in the MLPH gene, known as the D locus. It was previously reported as Dilution (Variant 1).

Dilution (d2)

The Dilution variant “d2” causes a lightening or dilution of pigment, especially dark pigments (eumelanin). Dilute black pigment appears grey, and dilute chocolate pigment appears isabella (a creamy brown). Red or yellow pigment (phaeomelanin) may show mild lightening of color. The d2 variant is found in the MLPH gene, known as the D locus. It was previously reported as Dilution (Variant 2).

Dilution (d3)

The Dilution variant “d3” causes a lightening or dilution of pigment, especially dark pigments (eumelanin). Dilute black pigment appears grey, and dilute chocolate pigment appears isabella (a creamy brown). Red or yellow pigment (phaeomelanin) may show mild lightening of color. The d3 variant is found in the MLPH gene, known as the D locus. It was previously reported as Dilution (Variant 3).

Dominant Black

The Dominant Black variant is responsible for black and brindle coat colors. The Dominant Black variant is also known as KB (or Kbr if brindle), and is found in the CBD103 gene (known as the K locus).

Fawn

The Fawn variant is one of the most common red coat patterns, and is responsible for a coat with a red base, and dark-tipped hairs, often darkest over the forehead, ears, spine and tail. Fawn (also denoted as "ay") is found in the ASIP gene (known as the A locus).

Floppy Ears

The Floppy Ears variant is associated with ears that fold due to decreased cartilage stiffness. The variant is located in the MSRB3 gene.

Furnishings

The Furnishings variant causes a fuzzy beard, moustache and eyebrows, and is located in the RSPO2 gene.

Hairlessness (Discovered in the American Hairless Terrier)

The Hairlessness (Discovered in the American Hairless Terrier) variant causes dogs to have little or no hair, and is located in the SGK3 gene.

Hairlessness (Discovered in the Chinese Crested Dog) Linkage test

The Hairlessness (Discovered in the Chinese Crested Dog) variant causes dogs to have little or no hair, and is located in the FOXI3 gene.

Hairlessness (Discovered in the Scottish Deerhound)

The Hairlessness (Discovered in the Scottish Deerhound) variant causes a dog to have little or no hair, and is located in the SGK3 gene.

Hair Ridge

The Hair Ridge variant causes an unusual permanent ridge of hair which will run down the dog's spine. The Hair Ridge variant is a duplication of the FGF3, FGF4, FGF19 and ORAOV1 genes.

Harlequin

The Harlequin variant results in a distinctive pattern of spots of color on a white coat background, but only when the merle variant is also present. The Harlequin variant is found in the PSMB7 gene (known as the H locus).

High Altitude Adaptation

The High Altitude Adaptation variant is associated with an adaptation to living at high altitudes. The variant is located in the EPAS1 gene.

Hind Dewclaws (Discovered in Asian breeds)

The Hind Dewclaws (Discovered in Asian breeds) variant may result in the presence of hind dewclaws, which actually have no function! The variant is also known as DC-1, and is located in the LMBR1 gene.

Hind Dewclaws (Discovered in Western breeds)

The Hind Dewclaws (Discovered in Western breeds) variant may result in the presence of hind dewclaws, which actually have no function! The variant is also known as DC-2, and is located in the LMBR1 gene.

Long Hair (lh1)

The Long Hair variant "lh1" causes long hair in dogs and is located in the FGF5 gene. It was previously reported as Long Hair (Variant 1).

Long Hair (lh2)

The Long Hair variant "lh2" causes long hair in dogs and is the c.556del variant located in the FGF5 gene. It was previously reported as Long Hair (Variant 2).

Long Hair (lh3)

The Long Hair variant "lh3" causes long hair in dogs and is the c.559dup variant located in the FGF5 gene. It was previously reported as Long Hair (Variant 3).

Long Hair (lh4)

The Long Hair variant "lh4" causes long hair in dogs and is the c.578C>T variant located in the FGF5 gene. It was previously reported as Long Hair (Variant 4).

Long Hair (lh5)

The Long Hair variant "lh5" causes long hair in dogs and is located at position chr32:g.4517257T>A in the FGF5 gene. It was previously reported as Long Hair (Variant 5).

Mask

The Mask variant causes dark facial hair, mainly over the dog's muzzle, which looks a bit like a mask. The Mask variant is also known as Em and is found in the MC1R gene (known as the E locus).

Merle

The Merle variant causes a patchy coat pattern common in many herding breeds. Each dog's pattern is unique. On a black dog, areas of black and silver will be seen, or on a chocolate dog, areas of brown and beige. It can occur in combination with many other coat patterns, and can cause blue eyes or a fully or partly pink nose. The Merle variant is found in the PMEL gene (known as the M locus).

Piebald

The Piebald variant causes white spotting, patches and/ or a completely white coat. It can also cause blue eyes, pink or "butterfly" nose, pink eye rims, white toenails and pink paw pads. The Piebald variant, also known as "sp" (for spotting), is found in the MITF gene (known as the S locus).

Recessive Black

The Recessive Black variant is a rare cause of black coat color. The Recessive Black variant, also known as the "a" variant, is found in the ASIP gene (known as the A locus).

Recessive Red (e1)

The Recessive Red variant causes only shades of red (phaeomelanin) pigment to be displayed in a dog’s coat, ranging from a deep red, to orange, yellow or even white. This variant is also known as the "e1" variant and is found in the MC1R gene, known as the E locus. It was previously reported as Recessive Red (Variant 1).

Recessive Red (e2)

The Recessive Red variant causes only shades of red (phaeomelanin) pigment to be displayed in a dog’s coat, ranging from a deep red, to orange, yellow or even white. This variant is also known as the "e2" variant and is found in the MC1R gene, known as the E locus. It was previously reported as Recessive Red (Variant 2).

Recessive Red (e3)

The Recessive Red variant causes only shades of red (phaeomelanin) pigment to be displayed in a dog’s coat, ranging from a deep red, to orange, yellow or even white. This variant is also known as the "e3" variant and is found in the MC1R gene, known as the E locus. It was previously reported as Recessive Red (Variant 3).

Red Intensity

The Red Intensity variant causes a decrease in red (phaeomelanin) pigment concentration in the coat. Phaeomelanin is the pigment responsible for red, yellow, and pale cream coat colors. The Red Intensity variant is found in the MFSD12 gene (also known as I or Intensity locus).

Reduced Shedding

The Reduced Shedding variant is associated with a decreased tendency for a dog to shed hair. The variant is located in the MC5R gene.

Roan (Linkage test)

Roan patterning is caused by an intermingling of white and pigmented hairs, with the pigmented hair color matching the base color of the coat in that area if white was not present. Roan may occur with or without small spots of solid color, called ticking. Roaning is common in certain breeds such as the Australian Cattle Dog and German Shorthaired Pointer. The Wisdom test for roan patterning is what is known as a linkage test. It does not directly test for the roan-associated variant but provides a prediction based on nearby proprietary marker(s) in the DNA. The test therefore gives an indicator of genetic status for this trait.

Sable (Discovered in the Cocker Spaniel)

The sable coloration discovered in the English Cocker Spaniel, scientifically known as "eH", is associated with dark hair on the dog appearing lighter in shade and partial red coloring in the paler areas of the coat. Sable color in Cocker Spaniels is a rare variant found in the MC1R gene, known as the E locus. It is a separate variant than the more common A locus sable, also known as fawn, that is found in many breeds and scientifically denoted as “ay”.

Saddle Tan

The Saddle Tan variant is responsible for a red color pattern with a dark-haired saddle over the back. The variant is located in the RALY gene.

Short Legs (Chondrodysplasia, CDPA)

The Short Legs (CDPA) variant is associated with short legs due to chondrodysplasia. The variant is an insertion of an FGF4 gene on chromosome 18.

Short Legs (Chondrodystrophy, CDDY)

The Short Legs (Chondrodystrophy, CDDY) variant is associated with shortened legs secondary to skeletal dysplasia which affects the development of cartilage and bone growth. The variant is an insertion of an FGF4 gene on chromosome 12. There is another common Short Legs variant that occurs on chromosome 18, called breed-defining chondrodysplasia (CDPA), which has a greater effect on leg length. While the CDDY variant has a less pronounced effect on stature, it is associated with an increased risk for abnormal early degeneration of intervertebral discs in the spine.

Short Snout (BMP3 variant)

Short Snout (BMP3 variant) has been shown to cause shortening of the head and snout. The variant is found in the BMP3 gene. It was previously reported as Short Snout (Variant 2).

Short Snout (SMOC2 variant)

Short Snout (SMOC2 variant) causes snout shortening, and actually accounts for 36% of the variation seen in dog muzzle length. The variant is found in the SMOC2 gene. It was previously reported as Short Snout (Variant 1).

Short Tail

The Short Tail variant is associated with a naturally short "bobbed" tail. The variant is located in the T-box gene.

Tan Points

The Tan Points variant is responsible for a distinct symmetrical pattern of tan and dark pigment, with tan markings on the eyebrow, cheeks, chest and lower legs. This variant is also required for a saddle tan pattern to occur.

Widow's Peak (Discovered in Ancient dogs)

The Widow's peak variant (also known as Ancient Red) causes an increase in the ratio of red (phaeomelanin) to dark pigment (eumelanin) in the coat when expressed. The variant is also known as the eA variant and is found in the MC1R gene (known as the E locus).

Widow's Peak (Discovered in the Afghan Hound and Saluki)

The Widow's peak (Discovered in the Afghan Hound and Saluki) is also known as the Grizzle variant. It is responsible for a blended effect of light and dark hair, with the lower part of the body appearing lighter than the top. Other names for this variant include Eg and Domino, and it is found in the MC1R gene (known as the E locus), and is a rare trait.